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Monthly serial; second novel by Charles Dickens; published 1837–1839

Oliver Twist

Frontispiece and title-folio, first edition 1838 Illustration and design past George Cruikshank
Author	Charles Dickens
Original title	Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy'southward Progress
Illustrator	George Cruikshank
Country	England
Language	English
Genre	Series novel
Published	Serialised 1837–1839; book grade 1838
Publisher	Series: Bentley's Miscellany Book: Richard Bentley
OCLC	185812519
Preceded by	The Pickwick Papers
Followed by	Nicholas Nickleby
Text	Oliver Twist at Wikisource

Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Male child's Progress , Charles Dickens's second novel, was published every bit a serial from 1837 to 1839, and equally a iii-volume book in 1838.^[1] Built-in in a workhouse, the orphan Oliver Twist is sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. After escaping, Oliver travels to London, where he meets the "Artful Dodger", a member of a gang of juvenile pickpockets led by the elderly criminal Fagin.

Oliver Twist unromantically portrays the sordid lives of criminals, and exposes the barbarous treatment of the many orphans in London in the mid-19th century.^[2] The culling title, The Parish Male child's Progress, alludes to Bunyan's The Pilgrim'south Progress, every bit well as the 18th-century extravaganza series past painter William Hogarth, A Rake'south Progress and A Harlot's Progress.^[3]

In an early example of the social novel, Dickens satirises child labour, domestic violence, the recruitment of children every bit criminals, and the presence of street children. The novel may take been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose business relationship of working as a child labourer in a cotton manufactory was widely read in the 1830s. It is probable that Dickens's own experiences as a youth contributed likewise.^[4]

Oliver Twist has been the subject of numerous adaptations, including a highly successful musical, Oliver!, the multiple Academy Award-winning 1968 motion picture, and Disney'due south animated moving picture Oliver & Company in 1988.^[5]

Publications [edit]

The novel was first published in monthly instalments, from February 1837 to April 1839, in the magazine Bentley's Miscellany. It was originally intended to form part of Dickens'due south serial, The Mudfog Papers.^{[6] [seven] [8]} George Cruikshank provided one steel etching per month to illustrate each instalment.^[9] The novel starting time appeared in book form six months before the initial serialisation was completed, in three volumes published by Richard Bentley, the owner of Bentley'south Miscellany, nether the writer's pseudonym, "Boz". It included 24 steel-engraved plates by Cruikshank.

The first edition was titled: Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boy'due south Progress.

Cover, beginning edition of serial, entitled "The Adventures of Oliver Twist" January 1846

Series publication dates:^[10]

• I – February 1837 (chapters 1–2)
• II – March 1837 (chapters 3–four)
• 3 – April 1837 (capacity 5–6)
• IV – May 1837 (chapters 7–8)
• Five – July 1837 (chapters 9–xi)
• VI – August 1837 (chapters 12–13)
• VII – September 1837 (chapters 14–15)
• Viii – Nov 1837 (chapters xvi–17)
• Nine – December 1837 (capacity xviii–19)
• X – January 1838 (chapters twenty–22)
• Xi – February 1838 (capacity 23–25)
• XII – March 1838 (chapters 26–27)
• XIII – Apr 1838 (chapters 28–30)
• XIV – May 1838 (chapters 31–32)
• Fifteen – June 1838 (chapters 33–34)
• 16 – July 1838 (chapters 35–37)
• XVII – Baronial 1838 (chapters 38–office of 39)
• XVIII – October 1838 (decision of chapter 39–41)
• 19 – November 1838 (capacity 42–43)
• 20 – December 1838 (capacity 44–46)
• XXI – January 1839 (chapters 47–49)
• XXII – February 1839 (chapter fifty)
• XXIII – March 1839 (affiliate 51)
• XXIV – April 1839 (chapters 52–53)

Plot summary [edit]

Workhouse years [edit]

Oliver Twist is built-in into a life of poverty and misfortune, raised in a workhouse in the fictional boondocks of Mudfog, located 70 miles (110 km) north of London.^{[eleven] [12] [8]} He is orphaned by his father'southward mysterious absenteeism and his mother Agnes' expiry in childbirth, welcomed merely in the workhouse and robbed of her gilded name locket. Oliver is meagerly provided for under the terms of the Poor Police and spends the beginning nine years of his life living at a baby farm in the "intendance" of a woman named Mrs Isle of mann, who embezzles much of the money entrusted to the infant farm by the parish. Oliver is brought up with picayune food and few comforts. Effectually the time of Oliver'due south ninth birthday, Mr Bumble, the parish beadle, removes Oliver from the baby farm and puts him to work picking and weaving oakum at the main workhouse. Oliver, who toils with very little food, remains in the workhouse for six months. One day, the badly hungry boys make up one's mind to draw lots; the loser must enquire for some other portion of gruel. This chore falls to Oliver, who at the adjacent meal comes forward trembling, bowl in hand, and begs the master for gruel with his famous request: "Please, sir, I want some more".^[13]

A great uproar ensues. The lath of well-fed gentlemen who administrate the workhouse offering £5 to whatever person wishing to take on Oliver as an apprentice. Mr Gamfield, a barbarous chimney sweep, almost claims Oliver. However, when Oliver begs despairingly non to be sent away with "that dreadful man", a kindly magistrate refuses to sign the indentures. Later, Mr Sowerberry, an undertaker employed by the parish, takes Oliver into his service. He treats Oliver amend and, because of Oliver's sorrowful countenance, uses him as a mourner at children's funerals. Mr Sowerberry is in an unhappy marriage, and his wife looks downward on Oliver and misses few opportunities to underfeed and mistreat him. He also suffers torment at the hands of Noah Claypole, an oafish and bullying boyfriend amateur and "charity boy" who is jealous of Oliver's promotion to mute, and Charlotte, the Sowerberrys' maidservant, who is in love with Noah.

Wanting to allurement Oliver, Noah insults Oliver's female parent, calling her "a regular right-down bad 'un". Enraged, Oliver assaults and even gets the ameliorate of the much bigger boy. However, Mrs Sowerberry takes Noah's side, helps him to subdue, punch, and beat Oliver, and later compels her husband and Mr Bumble, who has been sent for in the aftermath of the fight, to trounce Oliver once again. One time Oliver is sent to his room for the nighttime, he breaks down and weeps. The next twenty-four hours Oliver escapes from the Sowerberrys' house and later decides to run away to London to seek a better life.

London, the Artful Dodger and Fagin [edit]

Nearing London, Oliver encounters Jack Dawkins, a pickpocket more than commonly known past the nickname the "Artful Dodger", and his sidekick, a boy of a humorous nature named Charley Bates, but Oliver'southward innocent and trusting nature fails to come across whatever dishonesty in their deportment. The Dodger provides Oliver with a free repast and tells him of a gentleman in London who will "requite him lodgings for naught, and never ask for modify". Grateful for the unexpected assistance, Oliver follows the Dodger to the "sometime gentleman's" residence. In this fashion, Oliver unwittingly falls in with an infamous Jewish criminal known every bit Fagin. Ensnared, Oliver lives with Fagin and his gang of juvenile pickpockets in their lair at Saffron Loma for some time, unaware of their criminal occupations. He believes they make wallets and handkerchiefs. He is also clueless almost Fagin'south lessons with the boys, whereupon he impersonates an English admirer browsing shops, and the boys must choice everything from his pockets while staying out of sight. Oliver considers this a strange game. Fagin has Oliver in this grooming until he successfully picks everything off him. Fagin rewards Oliver with a shilling and orders him out on the street with Charley Bates and the Artful Dodger.

Oliver follows the pair to "brand handkerchiefs", only to learn that their real mission is to pick pockets. The Dodger and Charley steal the handkerchief of an old gentleman named Mr. Brownlow and promptly flee. When he finds his handkerchief missing, Mr. Brownlow turns round, sees Oliver running away in fright, and pursues him, thinking he was the thief. Others join the hunt, capture Oliver, and bring him before the magistrate. Curiously, Mr. Brownlow has 2nd thoughts nearly the male child – he seems reluctant to believe he is a pickpocket. To the judge'due south axiomatic thwarting, a bookstall holder who saw the Dodger commit the law-breaking clears Oliver, who, by now really ill, faints in the courtroom. Mr. Brownlow takes Oliver home and, along with his housekeeper Mrs. Bedwin, cares for him. While recovering, both Mrs. Bedwin and Mr. Brownlow notice how Oliver bears a hitting resemblance to a painting of a adult female who was the wife of a dead friend of Mr. Brownlow's.

Oliver stays with Mr. Brownlow, recovers rapidly, and blossoms from the unaccustomed kindness. His bliss is interrupted when Fagin, fearing Oliver might tell the police about his criminal gang, decides that Oliver must be brought dorsum to his hideout. When Mr. Brownlow sends Oliver out to pay for some books, one of the gang, a young woman named Nancy, whom Oliver had previously met at Fagin'due south, accosts him with help from her abusive lover, the robber Bill Sikes, and Oliver is rapidly bundled back to Fagin's lair. The thieves take the five-pound notation Mr. Brownlow had entrusted to him, and strip him of his fine new dress. Oliver, shocked, flees and attempts to phone call for law assist, but is dragged back by the Artful Dodger, Charley, and Fagin. Nancy, alone, is sympathetic towards Oliver and saves him from beatings by Fagin and Sikes.

In a renewed attempt to depict Oliver into a life of crime, Fagin forces him to participate in a burglary. Nancy reluctantly assists in recruiting him, all the while assuring the boy that she volition help him if she can. Sikes, later on threatening to kill him if he does not cooperate, puts Oliver through a modest window and orders him to unlock the forepart door. The robbery goes incorrect, and the people in the house shoot Oliver in his left arm. After beingness abased by Sikes, the wounded Oliver makes information technology back to the house and ends up under the care of the people he was supposed to rob: Miss Rose and her guardian Mrs. Maylie.

Mystery of a man called "Monks" [edit]

The mysterious human Monks plots with Fagin to destroy Oliver's reputation. Monks denounces Fagin'southward failure to turn Oliver into a criminal, and the two of them agree on a program to brand sure he does not observe out about his past. Monks is plainly related to Oliver in some way. Back in Oliver'due south hometown, Mr Bumble has married Mrs Corney, the matron of the workhouse where the story first began, only to find himself in an unhappy marriage, constantly arguing with his domineering wife. Later one such argument, Mr Bumble walks to a pub where he meets Monks, who questions him about Oliver. Bumble informs Monks that he knows someone who can give Monks more information for a cost, and after Monks meets secretly with the Bumbles. Afterward Mrs Bumble tells Monks all she knows for a price, Monks takes the locket and ring proving Oliver's parentage, and drops them into the river flowing under his place. Monks relates these events to Fagin, unaware that Nancy is eavesdropping on their conversations and plans to inform Oliver's benefactors. Mr Brownlow returns to London, where Oliver sees him, and brings him to see the Maylies.

Now ashamed of her role in Oliver's kidnapping and worried for his safety, Nancy goes to Rose Maylie, staying in London. She knows that Monks and Fagin are plotting to get their easily on the boy once more, and offers to meet again whatever Sunday night on London span. Rose tells Mr Brownlow, and the ii then make plans with all their political party in London. The first Sunday night, Nancy tries to go out for her walk, simply Sikes refuses permission when she declines to state exactly where she is going. Fagin realizes that Nancy is up to something, perhaps has a new swain, and resolves to discover out what her secret is.

Meanwhile, Noah has fallen out with the undertaker Mr Sowerberry, stolen coin from him, and fled to London with Charlotte. Using the name "Morris Bolter", he joins Fagin's gang for protection and becomes a practicer of "the kinchin lay" (robbing of children), and Charlotte is put with the girls. Fagin sends Noah to sentinel the Artful Dodger on trial, later he is caught with a stolen silver snuff box; the Dodger is convicted while showing his fashion, with a penalization of transportation to Australia. Next, Noah is sent by Fagin to spy on Nancy, and discovers her meeting with Rose and Mr Brownlow on the span, hearing their give-and-take of why she did not appear the prior week and how to save Oliver from Fagin and Monks.

Fagin passes the data on to Sikes angrily, twisting the story to make information technology audio as if Nancy had informed on him, when she had not. Believing Nancy to be a traitor, Sikes beats her to death in a fit of rage that very night and flees to the countryside to escape from the police and his censor. There, Sikes is haunted past visions of Nancy and alarmed by news of her murder spreading across the countryside. He returns to London to find a hiding identify and intends to steal coin from Fagin and flee to France, only to dice by accidentally hanging himself while attempting to lower himself from a rooftop to flee from a mob angry at Nancy'due south murder.

Resolution [edit]

While Sikes is fleeing the mob, Mr Brownlow forces Monks to listen to the story connecting him, one time chosen Edward Leeford, and Oliver as half-brothers, or to face the police for his crimes. Their father, Edwin Leeford, was once friends with Brownlow. Edwin had been in a miserable marriage that produced Monks, merely to have Monks' female parent separate. Edwin had associated with an older gentleman who was friends to him and Mr. Brownlow, who had had 2 daughters, i who was a girl of seventeen and the other a toddler. Edwin fell in love with the elder daughter, Agnes, but their human relationship had been secretive. Edwin had to assist a dying friend in Rome, and then died there himself, leaving Agnes, "his guilty love", in England, whereupon she died later on giving birth to Oliver. Mr Brownlow has a picture of Agnes and had begun making inquiries when he noticed a marked resemblance between her and Oliver. Monks had hunted his brother to destroy him, to gain all in their father's will. Meeting with Monks and the Bumbles in Oliver'due south native boondocks, Brownlow asks Oliver to give half his inheritance to Monks to give him a 2d take a chance; Oliver is more than happy to comply. Monks moves to "the new world", where he squanders his coin, reverts to criminal offense, and dies in prison house. Fagin is arrested, tried and condemned to the gallows. On the eve of Fagin'due south hanging, Oliver, accompanied by Mr Brownlow in an emotional scene, visits Fagin in Newgate Prison, in hope of retrieving papers from Monks. Fagin is lost in a world of his own fearfulness of impending death.

On a happier note, Monks revealed that Rose was the younger sis of Agnes, and thus Oliver'southward aunt. She marries her sweetheart Harry Maylie, who gives upwards his political ambitions to become a parson, cartoon all their friends to settle near them. Oliver lives happily with Mr Brownlow, who adopts him. Due to Noah's cooperation with the law during the pursuit of Fagin, he is granted immunity and becomes a paid, semi-professional police informer. The Bumbles lose their positions and are reduced to poverty, ending upwards in the workhouse themselves. All the members of Fagin's gang suffer unhappy endings, with ane exception. Charley Bates, horrified by Sikes' murder of Nancy, becomes an honest denizen, moves to the land, and eventually becomes prosperous. The novel ends with the tombstone of Oliver'south mother on which is written only one proper noun: Agnes.

Characters [edit]

• Oliver Twist – an orphan child whose mother died at his birth; begetter is dead when Oliver's paternity is revealed.
• Mr Bumble – a beadle in the parish workhouse where Oliver was born
• Mrs Isle of man – superintendent where the infant Oliver is placed until age 9 who is not capable of caring for the "culprits" as she is cocky-centered and greedy.
• Mr Sowerberry – an undertaker who took Oliver as apprentice
• Mrs Sowerberry – Mr Sowerberry's married woman
• Noah Claypole – a cowardly bully, Sowerberry's apprentice
• Charlotte – the Sowerberrys' maid, lover of Noah
• Mr Gamfield – a chimney sweep in the town where Oliver was born
• Mr Brownlow – a kindly gentleman who takes Oliver in, his first benefactor
• Mr Grimwig – a friend of Mr Brownlow
• Mrs Bedwin – Mr Brownlow'south housekeeper
• Rose Maylie – Oliver's second benefactor, later establish to exist his aunt
• Mrs Lindsay Maylie – Harry Maylie'due south female parent. Rose Maylie's adoptive aunt
• Harry Maylie – Mrs Maylie's son
• Mr Losberne – Mrs Maylie's family doctor
• Mr Giles – Mrs Maylie's butler
• Mr Brittles – Mrs Maylie'southward handyman
• Duff and Blathers – two incompetent policemen
• Fagin – debate and boss of a criminal gang of young boys and girls
• Bill Sikes – a professional infiltrator
• Bull's Middle – Pecker Sikes'southward vicious dog
• The Artful Dodger – Fagin's well-nigh adept pickpocket
• Charley Bates – a pickpocket in Fagin'due south gang
• Toby Crackit – an acquaintance of Fagin and Sikes, a business firm-billow
• Nancy – one of Fagin'south gang, now living with Pecker Sikes
• Bet – a girl in Fagin'south gang, sometime friend to Nancy
• Barney – a criminal cohort of Fagin
• Agnes Fleming – Oliver's mother
• Mr Leeford – father of Oliver and Monks
• Old Sally – a nurse who attended Oliver's birth
• Mrs Corney – matron for the women's workhouse
• Monks – a sickly criminal, an acquaintance of Fagin'due south, and long-lost half-brother of Oliver
• Monks' mother – an heiress who did not honey her husband
• Mr Fang – a magistrate
• Tom Chitling – one of Fagin'southward gang members, returned from abroad at the fourth dimension of the murder

Major themes and symbols [edit]

In Oliver Twist, Dickens mixes grim realism with merciless satire to describe the effects of industrialism on 19th-century England and to criticise the harsh new Poor Laws. Oliver, an innocent child, is trapped in a earth where his but options seem to exist the workhouse, a life of criminal offense symbolised by Fagin'southward gang, a prison, or an early grave. From this unpromising industrial/institutional setting, however, a fairy tale also emerges. In the midst of corruption and degradation, the essentially passive Oliver remains pure-hearted; he steers away from evil when those around him give in to information technology, and in proper fairy-tale fashion, he eventually receives his reward – leaving for a peaceful life in the country, surrounded by kind friends. On the way to this happy ending, Dickens explores the kind of life an outcast, orphan boy could expect to lead in 1830s London.^[14]

Poverty and social class [edit]

Poverty is a prominent business organization in Oliver Twist. Throughout the novel, Dickens enlarged on this theme, describing slums so decrepit that whole rows of houses are on the bespeak of ruin. In an early chapter, Oliver attends a pauper's funeral with Mr Sowerberry and sees a whole family crowded together in i miserable room.

This prevalent misery makes Oliver's encounters with clemency and love more poignant. Oliver owes his life several times over to kindness both large and minor.^[15] The apparent plague of poverty that Dickens describes also conveyed to his middle-form readers how much of the London population was stricken with poverty and disease. Nonetheless, in Oliver Twist, he delivers a somewhat mixed message about social caste and social injustice. Oliver's illegitimate workhouse origins place him at the nadir of order; equally an orphan without friends, he is routinely despised. His "sturdy spirit" keeps him alive despite the torment he must suffer. Almost of his associates, notwithstanding, deserve their place amidst club's dregs and seem very much at home in the depths. Noah Claypole, a charity male child similar Oliver, is idle, stupid, and cowardly; Sikes is a thug; Fagin lives past corrupting children, and the Artful Dodger seems born for a life of crime. Many of the middle-course people Oliver encounters—Mrs Sowerberry, Mr Bumble, and the savagely hypocritical "gentlemen" of the workhouse lath, for example—are, if annihilation, worse.

On the other manus, Oliver proves to be of gentle birth for a workhouse boy. Although he has been abused and neglected all his life, he recoils, aghast, at the idea of victimising anyone else. This apparently hereditary gentlemanliness makes Oliver Twist something of a changeling tale, not only an indictment of social injustice.^{[ citation needed ]} Oliver, born for better things, struggles to survive in the barbarous world of the underclass before finally being rescued past his family and returned to his proper identify—a commodious state house.

The 2005 picture adaptation of Oliver Twist of the novel dispenses with the paradox of Oliver'due south genteel origins past eliminating his origin story completely, making him merely some other anonymous orphan like the remainder of Fagin'southward gang.

Symbolism [edit]

Dickens makes considerable use of symbolism. The "merry old admirer" Fagin, for example, has satanic characteristics: he is a veteran corrupter of young boys who presides over his own corner of the criminal earth; he makes his start appearance standing over a burn down property a toasting-fork, and he refuses to pray on the dark before his execution.^[16] The London slums, as well, have a suffocating, infernal attribute; the dark deeds and night passions are concretely characterised past dim rooms and pitch-blackness nights, while the governing mood of terror and brutality may exist identified with uncommonly common cold weather. In contrast, the countryside where the Maylies accept Oliver is a bucolic heaven.^{[ citation needed ]}

The novel is as well concerned with social class, and the stark injustice in Oliver's earth. When the half-starved child dares to enquire for more, the men who punish him are fat, and a remarkable number of the novel'south characters are overweight.^{[ citation needed ]}

Toward the finish of the novel, the gaze of knowing eyes becomes a stiff symbol. For years, Fagin avoids daylight, crowds, and open spaces, concealing himself most of the time in a dark lair. When his luck runs out at last, he squirms in the "living low-cal" of too many eyes as he stands in the dock, awaiting sentence. Similarly, after Sikes kills Nancy at dawn, he flees the brilliant sunlight in their room, out to the countryside, but is unable to escape the retentiveness of her expressionless eyes. In addition, Charley Bates turns his back on crime when he sees the murderous cruelty of the homo who has been held upwards to him as a model.^{[ clarification needed ]}

Characters [edit]

In the tradition of Restoration Comedy and Henry Fielding, Dickens fits his characters with appropriate names. Oliver himself, though "badged and ticketed" equally a lowly orphan and named according to an alphabetical system, is, in fact, "all of a twist."^[17] However, Oliver and his proper noun may take been based on a young workhouse boy named Peter Tolliver whom Dickens knew while growing up.^[eighteen] Mr Grimwig is so called because his seemingly "grim", pessimistic outlook is actually a protective encompass for his kind, sentimental soul. Other grapheme names mark their bearers equally semi-monstrous caricatures. Mrs Mann, who has charge of the infant Oliver, is not the most motherly of women; Mr Bumble, despite his impressive sense of his own dignity, continually mangles the King's English he tries to use; and the Sowerberries are, of class, "sour berries", a reference to Mrs Sowerberry'south perpetual scowl, to Mr Sowerberry's profession as an undertaker, and to the poor provender Oliver receives from them. Rose Maylie's name echoes her association with flowers and springtime, youth and beauty while Toby Crackit'due south is a reference to his chosen profession of housebreaking.

Beak Sikes's dog, Bull's-eye, has "faults of temper in mutual with his owner" and is an emblem of his owner'due south grapheme. The canis familiaris's viciousness represents Sikes's fauna-similar brutality while Sikes's self-destructiveness is evident in the dog'southward many scars. The dog, with its willingness to harm anyone on Sikes'southward whim, shows the mindless brutality of the master. Sikes himself senses that the dog is a reflection of himself and that is why he tries to drown the dog. He is really trying to run away from who he is.^{[ citation needed ]} This is too illustrated when Sikes dies and the canis familiaris immediately dies besides.^[nineteen] Subsequently Sikes murders Nancy, Balderdash'south-centre also comes to stand for Sikes'south guilt. The dog leaves bloody footprints on the floor of the room where the murder is committed. Non long after, Sikes becomes drastic to go rid of the dog, convinced that the domestic dog's presence volition give him abroad. Yet, just as Sikes cannot milkshake off his guilt, he cannot shake off Bull'due south-centre, who arrives at the house of Sikes'southward demise before Sikes himself does. Bull's-eye's name also conjures up the image of Nancy'due south optics, which haunt Sikes until the bitter end and somewhen cause him to hang himself accidentally.

Dickens employs polarised sets of characters to explore various dual themes throughout the novel;^{[ citation needed ]} Mr Brownlow and Fagin, for instance, personify "proficient vs. evil". Dickens also juxtaposes honest, police-abiding characters such as Oliver himself with those who, like the Artful Dodger, seem more comfortable on the wrong side of the police force. Crime and punishment is another important pair of themes, equally is sin and redemption: Dickens describes criminal acts ranging from picking pockets to murder, and the characters are punished severely in the end. Most obviously, he shows Bill Sikes hounded to death past a mob for his brutal acts and sends Fagin to cower in the condemned prison cell, sentenced to decease past due procedure. Neither character achieves redemption; Sikes dies trying to run away from his guilt, and on his concluding night alive, the terrified Fagin refuses to see a rabbi or to pray, instead asking Oliver to assist him escape.

Nancy, by contrast, redeems herself at the cost of her own life and dies in a prayerful pose. She is one of the few characters in Oliver Twist to brandish much ambivalence. Her storyline in the novel strongly reflects themes of domestic violence and psychological corruption at the hands of Nib. Although Nancy is a total-fledged criminal, indoctrinated and trained by Fagin since childhood, she retains enough empathy to apologize her role in Oliver's kidnapping, and to have steps to try to absolve. As one of Fagin'due south victims, corrupted merely not yet morally dead, she gives eloquent voice to the horrors of the onetime man's petty criminal empire. She wants to save Oliver from a like fate; at the same time, she recoils from the thought of turning traitor, particularly to Neb Sikes, whom she loves. When Dickens was subsequently criticised for giving to a "thieving, whoring slut of the streets" such an unaccountable reversal of grapheme, he ascribed her modify of heart to "the last fair driblet of h2o at the bottom of a dried-upward, weed-choked well".^[xx]

Allegations of antisemitism [edit]

Dickens has been defendant of following antisemitic stereotypes because of his portrayal of the Jewish character Fagin in Oliver Twist. Paul Vallely writes that Fagin is widely seen equally one of the most grotesque Jews in English literature, and ane of the virtually vivid of Dickens's 989 characters.^[21] Nadia Valman, in Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, argues that Fagin'due south representation was drawn from the epitome of the Jew equally inherently evil, that the imagery associated him with the Devil, and with beasts.^[22]

The novel refers to Fagin 274 times^[23] in the kickoff 38 chapters every bit "the Jew", while the ethnicity or religion of the other characters is rarely mentioned.^[21] In 1854, The Jewish Chronicle asked why "Jews alone should be excluded from the 'sympathizing heart' of this corking author and powerful friend of the oppressed." Dickens (who had extensive knowledge of London street life and child exploitation) explained that he had fabricated Fagin Jewish because "it unfortunately was true, of the fourth dimension to which the story refers, that that course of criminal almost invariably was a Jew."^[24] Dickens commented that by calling Fagin a Jew he had meant no imputation against the Jewish people, saying in a letter, "I have no feeling towards the Jews simply a friendly i. I always speak well of them, whether in public or private, and carry my testimony (equally I ought to do) to their perfect adept religion in such transactions as I take ever had with them."^[25] Eliza Davis, whose husband had purchased Dickens's home in 1860 when he had put it up for sale, wrote to Dickens in protest at his portrayal of Fagin, arguing that he had "encouraged a vile prejudice against the despised Hebrew", and that he had done a neat wrong to the Jewish people. While Dickens first reacted defensively upon receiving Davis'due south letter, he then halted the printing of Oliver Twist, and inverse the text for the parts of the volume that had not been set, which explains why after the kickoff 38 chapters Fagin is barely called "the Jew" at all in the next 179 references to him.^[21]

Film, boob tube and theatrical adaptations [edit]

Flick [edit]

• Oliver Twist (1909), the first accommodation of Dickens's novel, a silent film starring Edith Storey and Elita Proctor Otis.
• Oliver Twist (1912), a British silent film adaptation, directed by Thomas Bentley.
• Oliver Twist (1912), an American silent film adaptation starring Nat C. Goodwin.
• Oliver Twist (1916), a silent movie adaptation, starring Marie Doro and Tully Marshall.
• Oliver Twist (1919), a silent Hungarian picture show adaptation.
• Oliver Twist (1922), silent movie adaptation featuring Lon Chaney and Jackie Coogan.
• Oliver Twist (1933), the first sound production of Dickens's novel.
• Oliver Twist (1948), David Lean picture show adaptation starring Alec Guinness as Fagin.
• Manik (1961), Bengali film directed past Bijalibaran Sen which was based on this novel. The motion-picture show stars Pahari Sanyal, Chhabi Biswas, Sombhu Mitra and Tripti Mitra.^{[26] [27]}
• Oliver! (1968), British musical accommodation, winner in the Best Motion-picture show category at the 41st Academy Awards.
• Oliver Twist (1974), an animated flick co-written past Ben Starr.
• Oliver Twist (1982), an Australian animated flick.
• Oliver & Visitor (1988), Disney full-length animated feature inspired by the story of Oliver Twist.^[v] The story takes identify in modern-solar day New York City, with Oliver (voiced by Joey Lawrence) portrayed as an orphaned kitten, the Dodger every bit a street-wise mongrel (voiced past Baton Joel), and Fagin (voiced by Dom DeLuise) as a homeless bum who lives on the docks with his pack of devious dogs that he trains to steal so he can survive and repay his debt to loan shark Sykes (voiced by Robert Loggia).^[28]
• Twisted (1996), an independent film based on Charles Dickens'southward novel Oliver Twist set in the gay underground sub-culture of New York Urban center in the 1990s and starring Emmy Award, Tony Laurels, Grammy Laurels winner Baton Porter and University Honor nominee William Hickey (thespian) directed by Seth Michael Donsky.
• Oliver Twist (1997), directed by Tony Nib and starring Richard Dreyfuss and Elijah Wood.
• Twist (2003), an independent film loosely based on Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist
• Oliver Twist (2005), directed by Roman Polanski and starring Barney Clark and Ben Kingsley.
• Twist (2021), Modern twenty-four hours version directed by Martion Owen, and starring Michael Caine as Fagin.^{[29] [30]}

Television [edit]

• Oliver Twist, a 13 episode 1962 BBC serial directed by Eric Tayler, starring Max Adrian every bit Fagin and Peter Vaughan every bit Nib Sikes.^[31]
• Oliver Twist, a 1982 TV movie directed by Clive Donner, starring George C. Scott as Fagin and Tim Curry as Bill Sikes.
• Oliver Twist, a 12 episode 1985 BBC One drama directed past Gareth Davies, starring Eric Porter and Michael Attwell.^[32]
• Oliver Twist, 1999 ITV drama adaptation starring Andy Serkis and Keira Knightley.
• Oliver Twist, a five episode 2007 BBC Ane drama directed past Coky Giedroyc, starring Timothy Spall and Tom Hardy.^[33]
• Saban'southward Adventures of Oliver Twist, a 52 episode animated American-French co-production that aired between 1996 and 1997, where the story is downplayed for younger viewers, where Oliver loses his mother in a crowd rather than being dead and the characters are represented by anthropomorphic animals. Oliver in this version is a young dog.
• Escape of the Artful Dodger, an Australian Idiot box series set every bit a sequel, where Dodger and Oliver are sent to the colony of Australia.

Theatre [edit]

• In 1838 Charles Zachary Barnett's adaptation, the iii-human activity burletta Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress opened at the Marylebone Theatre in London .^[34]
• Oliver!, a West Finish theatre stage musical adaptation by Lionel Bart.^[35]
• Oliver Twist is a 2017 stage accommodation of the novel written by Anya Reiss which premiered at the Regent'due south Park Theatre. The show was directed by Caroline Byrne.^[36]

See also [edit]

References [edit]

1. ^ "Oliver Twist | Introduction & Summary". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 4 Apr 2018.
2. ^ Donovan, Frank. The Children of Charles Dickens. London: Leslie Frewin, 1968, pp. 61–62.
3. ^ Dunn, Richard J. Oliver Twist: Middle and Soul (Twayne'due south Masterwork Serial No. 118). New York: Macmillan, p. 37.
4. ^ Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist. Kiddy Monster Publication. p. Summary.
5. ^ ^{a b} "Oliver and Company". 1988. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
6. ^ Dickens, Charles. Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Male child's Progress Edited past Philip Horne. Penguin Classics, 2003, p. 486. ISBN 0-14-143974-2.
7. ^ Ackroyd, Peter (1990). Dickens. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. p. 216. ISBN1-85619-000-five.
8. ^ ^{a b} Bentley's Miscellany, 1837.
9. ^ Schlicke, Paul (Editor). Oxford Reader'southward Companion to Dickens. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 1999, p. 141.
10. ^ "Masterpiece Theater on PBS.org". Archived from the original on thirteen August 2014. Retrieved vii September 2017.
11. ^ Dickens, Charles (2003). Horne, Philip (ed.). Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Male child'due south Progress . Penguin Classics. p. 486. ISBN0-xiv-143974-2.
12. ^ Ackroyd, Peter (1990). Dickens. Sinclair-Stevenson. p. 216. ISBN1-85619-000-five.
13. ^ "Little Nell lives, Miss Havisham might ally, and a twist on Oliver Twist in BBC'southward new Dickens adaptation". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
14. ^ Miller, J. Hillis. "The Nighttime World of Oliver Twist" in Charles Dickens (Harold Bloom, editor), New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987, p. 35
15. ^ Walder, Dennis, "Oliver Twist and Charity" in Oliver Twist: a Norton Disquisitional Edition (Fred Kaplan, Editor). New York: W.Due west. Norton, 1993, pp. 515–525
16. ^ Miller, ibid, p. 48
17. ^ Ashley, Leonard. What's in a name?: Everything you lot wanted to know. Genealogical Publishing, 1989, p. 200.
18. ^ Richardson, Ruth. "Dickens and the Workhouse: Oliver Twist and the London Poor." Oxford Academy Press, USA, 2012, p. 56.
19. ^ "NovelGuide". Archived from the original on 30 March 2003. Retrieved 30 September 2012.
20. ^ Donovan, Frank, The Children of Charles Dickens, p. 79.
21. ^ ^{a b c} Vallely, Paul (vii October 2005). "Dickens' greatest villain: The faces of Fagin". independent.co.uk. The Independent. Archived from the original on v December 2008. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
22. ^ Valman, Nadia (2005). "Dickens, Charles (1812–1870)". In Levy, Richard Due south. (ed.). Antisemitism, A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC–Clio. pp. 176–177. ISBNone-85109-439-iii.
23. ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of Oliver Twist, by Charles Dickens".
24. ^ Howe, Irving (31 May 2005). "Oliver Twist – introduction". ISBN9780553901566.
25. ^ Johnson, Edgar (1 January 1952). "4 – Intimations of Mortality". Charles Dickens His Tragedy And Triumph. Simon & Schuster Inc. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
26. ^ 1961(Bengali). "Manik". Gomolo. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
27. ^ Souvik Chatterji Master of Law from Warwick University, Coventry, UK, footnote [ii] (2007). Influence of Bengali Classic Literature in Bollywood films. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
28. ^ Howe, Desson (eighteen November 1988). "Oliver & Company". The Washington Post . Retrieved 1 March 2018.
29. ^ Michael Caine and Lena Headey'southward Modern-Mean solar day 'Oliver Twist' Sells to Saban
30. ^ Saban Films Acquires Charles Dickens Retelling 'Twist'
31. ^ "Oliver Twist: Episode one". BBC Programme Index. BBC. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
32. ^ "Oliver Twist". BBC. 25 July 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
33. ^ "All-star cast announced for BBC accommodation of Oliver Twist". BBC. xiii–29 Oct 1985. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
34. ^ Theatres in Victorian London - Victorian Web
35. ^ Coveney, Michael (17 March 2017). "Oliver!: The existent story of Britain's greatest musical". The Contained . Retrieved 1 March 2018.
36. ^ Gillinson, Miriam (27 July 2017). "Oliver Twist review – artful production gets lost downwards bullheaded alleys". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 January 2020.

External links [edit]

Online versions

• Oliver Twist to read online at Bookwise
• Oliver Twist at Standard Ebooks
• Manuscript fabric and articles relating to Oliver Twist from the British Library'southward Discovering Literature website.
• Oliver Twist at Cyberspace Archive
• Oliver Twist at Project Gutenberg
• Oliver Twist in PDF, epub, Kindle formats at Global Grayness ebooks
• Oliver Twist public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boy's Progress Typeset PDF version, including the illustrations of James Mahoney (1871 Household Edition past Chapman & Hall).

Critical analysis

• When Is a Volume Not a Book? Oliver Twist in Context, a seminar past Robert Patten from the New York Public Library
• Background information and plot summary for Oliver Twist, with links to other resource
• Commodity in British Medical Journal on Oliver Twist's nutrition

taylorfortint.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist

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